Theory
7 (a) Credit rating is a very important indicator for prudence but it suffers from certain limitations.
Some of the limitations are:
(i) Conflict of Interest – The rating agency collects fees from the entity it rates leading to a conflict of interest. Since the rating market is very competitive, there is a distant possibility of such conflict entering into the rating system.
(ii) Industry Specific rather than Company Specific – Downgrades are linked to industry rather than company performance. Agencies give importance to macro aspects and not to micro ones; overreact to existing conditions which come from optimistic / pessimistic views arising out of up / down turns. At times, value judgments are not ruled out.
(iii) Rating Changes – Ratings given to instruments can change over a period of time. They have to be kept under constant watch. Downgrading of an instrument may not be timely enough to keep investors educated over such matters.
(iv) Corporate Governance Issues – Special attention is paid to:
(a) Rating agencies getting more of their revenues from a single service or group.
7(b) Exposure Netting refers to offsetting exposures in one currency with Exposures in the same or another currency, where exchange rates are expected to move in such a way that losses or gains on the first exposed position should be offset by gains or losses on the second currency exposure.
The objective of the exercise is to offset the likely loss in one exposure by likely gain in another. This is a manner of hedging foreign exchange exposures though different from forward and option contracts. This method is similar to portfolio approach in handling systematic risk.
For example, let us assume that a company has an export receivables of US$ 10,000 due 3 months hence, if not covered by forward contract, here is a currency exposure to US$. Further, the same company imports US$ 10,000 worth of goods/commodities and therefore also builds up a reverse exposure. The company may strategically decide to leave both exposures open and not covered by forward, it would be doing an exercise in exposure netting.
7(c) In Carve out can, parent company bring out its IPO and get cash flow in the company by selling partial or all shares of the subsidiary, On the other hand in Spin off parent company does not receive any cash as shares of subsidiary company are issued to existing shareholder in the form of dividend. Thus, shareholders in new company remain the same.
7(d) Debt Securitisation is a method of recycling of funds. This method is mostly used by finance companies to raise funds against financial assets such as loan receivables, mortgage backed receivables, credit card balances, hire purchase debtors, lease receivables, trade debtors, etc. and thus beneficial to such financial intermediaries to support their lending volumes. Thus, assets generating steady cash flows are packaged together and against this assets pool market securities can be issued. Investors are usually cash-rich institutional investors like mutual funds and insurance companies.
The process can be classified in the following three functions:
1. The origination function – A borrower seeks a loan from finance company, bank, housing company or a financial institution. On the basis of credit worthiness repayment schedule is structured over the life of the loan.
2. The pooling function – Many similar loans or receivables are clubbed together to create an underlying pool of assets. This pool is transferred in favour of a SPV (Special Purpose Vehicle), which acts as a trustee for the investor. Once the assets are transferred they are held in the organizers portfolios.
3. The securitisation function – It is the SPV’s job to structure and issue the securities on the basis of asset pool. The securities carry coupon and an expected maturity, which can be asset base or mortgage based. These are generally sold to investors through merchant bankers. The investors interested in this type of securities are generally institutional investors like mutual fund, insurance companies etc. The originator usually keeps the spread available (i.e. difference) between yield from secured asset and interest paid to investors.
Generally, the process of securitisation is without recourse i.e. the investor bears the credit risk of default and the issuer is under an obligation to pay to investors only if the cash flows are received by issuer from the collateral.
7(e) The concept of sustainable growth can be helpful for planning healthy corporate growth. This concept forces managers to consider the financial consequences of sales increases and to set sales growth goals that are consistent with the operating and financial policies of the firm. Often, a conflict can arise if growth objectives are not consistent with the value of the organization's sustainable growth. Question concerning right distribution of resources may take a difficult shape if we take into consideration the rightness not for the current stakeholders but for the future stakeholders also.
Sustainable growth is important to enterprise long-term development. Too fast or too slow growth will go against enterprise growth and development, so financial should play important role in enterprise development, adopt suitable financial policy initiative to make sure enterprise growth speed close to sustainable growth ratio and have sustainable healthy development.
Sustainable growth models assume that the business wants to:
(1) maintain a target capital structure without issuing new equity;
(2) maintain a target dividend payment ratio; and
(3) increase sales as rapidly as market conditions allow.
Practical
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1E4UwbrYZSFA3ZrX4tppXxekwl6h4ZhSJ
7 (a) Credit rating is a very important indicator for prudence but it suffers from certain limitations.
Some of the limitations are:
(i) Conflict of Interest – The rating agency collects fees from the entity it rates leading to a conflict of interest. Since the rating market is very competitive, there is a distant possibility of such conflict entering into the rating system.
(ii) Industry Specific rather than Company Specific – Downgrades are linked to industry rather than company performance. Agencies give importance to macro aspects and not to micro ones; overreact to existing conditions which come from optimistic / pessimistic views arising out of up / down turns. At times, value judgments are not ruled out.
(iii) Rating Changes – Ratings given to instruments can change over a period of time. They have to be kept under constant watch. Downgrading of an instrument may not be timely enough to keep investors educated over such matters.
(iv) Corporate Governance Issues – Special attention is paid to:
(a) Rating agencies getting more of their revenues from a single service or group.
7(b) Exposure Netting refers to offsetting exposures in one currency with Exposures in the same or another currency, where exchange rates are expected to move in such a way that losses or gains on the first exposed position should be offset by gains or losses on the second currency exposure.
The objective of the exercise is to offset the likely loss in one exposure by likely gain in another. This is a manner of hedging foreign exchange exposures though different from forward and option contracts. This method is similar to portfolio approach in handling systematic risk.
For example, let us assume that a company has an export receivables of US$ 10,000 due 3 months hence, if not covered by forward contract, here is a currency exposure to US$. Further, the same company imports US$ 10,000 worth of goods/commodities and therefore also builds up a reverse exposure. The company may strategically decide to leave both exposures open and not covered by forward, it would be doing an exercise in exposure netting.
7(c) In Carve out can, parent company bring out its IPO and get cash flow in the company by selling partial or all shares of the subsidiary, On the other hand in Spin off parent company does not receive any cash as shares of subsidiary company are issued to existing shareholder in the form of dividend. Thus, shareholders in new company remain the same.
7(d) Debt Securitisation is a method of recycling of funds. This method is mostly used by finance companies to raise funds against financial assets such as loan receivables, mortgage backed receivables, credit card balances, hire purchase debtors, lease receivables, trade debtors, etc. and thus beneficial to such financial intermediaries to support their lending volumes. Thus, assets generating steady cash flows are packaged together and against this assets pool market securities can be issued. Investors are usually cash-rich institutional investors like mutual funds and insurance companies.
The process can be classified in the following three functions:
1. The origination function – A borrower seeks a loan from finance company, bank, housing company or a financial institution. On the basis of credit worthiness repayment schedule is structured over the life of the loan.
2. The pooling function – Many similar loans or receivables are clubbed together to create an underlying pool of assets. This pool is transferred in favour of a SPV (Special Purpose Vehicle), which acts as a trustee for the investor. Once the assets are transferred they are held in the organizers portfolios.
3. The securitisation function – It is the SPV’s job to structure and issue the securities on the basis of asset pool. The securities carry coupon and an expected maturity, which can be asset base or mortgage based. These are generally sold to investors through merchant bankers. The investors interested in this type of securities are generally institutional investors like mutual fund, insurance companies etc. The originator usually keeps the spread available (i.e. difference) between yield from secured asset and interest paid to investors.
Generally, the process of securitisation is without recourse i.e. the investor bears the credit risk of default and the issuer is under an obligation to pay to investors only if the cash flows are received by issuer from the collateral.
7(e) The concept of sustainable growth can be helpful for planning healthy corporate growth. This concept forces managers to consider the financial consequences of sales increases and to set sales growth goals that are consistent with the operating and financial policies of the firm. Often, a conflict can arise if growth objectives are not consistent with the value of the organization's sustainable growth. Question concerning right distribution of resources may take a difficult shape if we take into consideration the rightness not for the current stakeholders but for the future stakeholders also.
Sustainable growth is important to enterprise long-term development. Too fast or too slow growth will go against enterprise growth and development, so financial should play important role in enterprise development, adopt suitable financial policy initiative to make sure enterprise growth speed close to sustainable growth ratio and have sustainable healthy development.
Sustainable growth models assume that the business wants to:
(1) maintain a target capital structure without issuing new equity;
(2) maintain a target dividend payment ratio; and
(3) increase sales as rapidly as market conditions allow.
Practical
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1E4UwbrYZSFA3ZrX4tppXxekwl6h4ZhSJ
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